Managerial Economics and Globalization Essay

Abstract This paper will describe the details of a fictitious business and will assess the current environmental scan factors while determining the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. Thirdly, this paper will evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario; consider all key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term. Also, a recommendation as to how the company can improve its profitability and develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Lastly, this paper will assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations while providing a set of reasonable rationales. 1. Briefly describe the details of the fictitious business that you created for this assignment. The fictitious business in this assignment is named TopShop, which is an American multinational retailer with its main headquarters in New York. It is a high end fashion brand that specializes in fashion clothing, shoes, make-up and accessories. Currently, TopShop has 150 workers for its factory in New Jersey, and has hired a consultant to offer some advice that could help it make a decision as to whether it should shut down completely or continue operations. In addition, TopShop has 100 workers that produce 6,000 units of output per month (working 20 days / month). The daily wage (per worker) is $70, and the price of the firm’s output is $32. The cost of other variable inputs is $2,000 per day. The firm’s fixed cost is â€Å"high enough† so that the firm’s total costs exceed its total revenue. The marginal cost of the last unit is $30. 2. Assess the current environmental scan factors. Determine the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. The environmental scan factor refers to the macro environment and is the activity of acquiring information about events and relationships in a company’s outside environment, the knowledge of which would assist top management in its task charting the company’s future course of action. (Aguilar,1967). Comparably, finance, marketing, and operations will have the greater impact on plant operations and management’s decisions in determining if the operation continues its business. First, finance is responsible for acquiring financial resources at favorable prices and allocating those resources throughout the business, as well as budgeting, analyzing, investment proposals, and providing funds for operations. Secondly, marketing aims to analyze and determine consumer demands in the future, then selling and promoting its products and services. Thirdly, operations are responsible for production of goods and customer services in business. In addition, the production of goods or services supply could transform inputs into outputs (Michaels, 2011). Inputs such as capital, labor, and information are used to create goods or a service. That is why companies take measurements at various points in the transformation process and then compares them with previously established standards to determine whether corrective action is needed. In other words, the three factors; finance, marketing and operation can work in the study and interpretation of the political, economic, social and technological (PEST analysis) events and trends which influence a business, an industry or even a total market. In summary, they have the greatest impact on plant operation and management’s decision. 3. Evaluate the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario. Consider all the key drivers of performance, such as company profit or loss for both the short term and long term. Be sure to show the calculations that helped you reach your conclusions. Topshop’s financial performance is in trouble. A decision was made to hire Mr. Blake Lively as a managing consultant to offer suggestions to improve Topshop’s financial performance. Based on the data given, Blake considered the following key drivers of performance and the financial analysis. The details are following: 100 employees produce 6,000 units in a month. The price is $32 The total revenue per day = 6,000*$32 = $192,000 Daily wage per employee = $70 Total wage in one month = 20days * 100 employees * $70 = $140,000 Total variable cost = variable inputs + total wage in one month = $2,000*20days+ $140,000 = $180,000 per month. AVC=TVC/Q=$180,000/6,000=$30 per unit Net income=Total Revenue-TVC=192,000-180,000=$12,000 Based on the analysis of data, Topshop could continue its operations in short term because the $32 price is more than AVC $30, and the revenue received per month is $12,000. However, in the long term, Topshop should seriously consider the option of shutting down completely. The main reason being that the firm’s fixed cost is high enough so that its total costs exceed its total revenue, and the price must be less than AVC. Under this situation, the firm has no other recourse but to close its operation. 4. Recommend how the company can improve its profitability. Then, develop a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Every business can improve its profitability by aiming to increase profitability, reduce costs, consider the price, and expand the market. Buy more effectively One of the most obvious routes to increasing the profitability is to buy more effectively. It makes sense to review a supplier base regularly and to determine if a firm can buy the same raw materials more cheaply or efficiently. However, it must be ensured that the cheaper raw materials will not reduce quality of product and service (He, et al., 2007). Manage your costs Close management of the costs can drive firm’s profitability. Most businesses are capable of fining some forms of waste to reduce, however it is important to be mindful and not cut costs at the expense of the quality of products and services. Pricing considerations It is a good idea to regularly examine the pricing. Changes in the marketplace may help increase the price without risking sales. However, it is essential to test any price increases before they are made permanent. Expand your market Moving into new market areas can transform a business and if handled correctly, can significantly increase the profitability. However, bear in mind that developing new products and services and selling in new markets can be risky – and mistakes can prove very costly. 5. Assess the circumstances in which the company should discontinue operations. Provide a rationale with your response. To qualify for presentation as a discontinued operation, all of the following conditions must be met: 1. The operations and cash flows of the component have been or will be eliminated from the ongoing operations of the entity as a result of the disposal transaction and 2. The entity will not have any significant continuing involvement in the operations of the component after the disposal transaction 3. A description of the facts and circumstances leading to the expected disposal, the expected manner and timing of the disposal and the carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities included as part of the disposal group (if not reflected separately on the face of the statement). 4. The gain or loss recognized and, if not separately presented on the income statement, the caption in that statement in which the gain is included. 5. If applicable, the amount of revenue and pretax profit or loss reported in discontinued operations. 6. If applicable, the segment in which the long-lived asset or disposal group is reported. References Aguilar, F. J. (1967). Scanning the Business Environment. New York, NY: McMillan. Michaels, R. J. (2011). Transactions and Strategies. 1st Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. He, Y. Q., Chan, L. K. & Wu, M. L. (2007). Balancing productivity and consumer satisfaction for profitability: Statistical and fuzzy regression analysis Original Research Article. European Journal of Operational Research, 176(1), 252-263 Drake, M., Gerde, V., & Wasieleski, D. (2011). Socially responsible modeling: a stakeholder approach to the implementation of ethical modeling in operations research. OR Spectrum, 33(1), 1-26. doi:10.1007/s00291-009-0172-9

Why Was Swanwick Station the busiest station in England for a few weeks each year in the 1930’s, and why did this cease to be the case?

The strawberry industry was the farming and distribution of the finest strawberries in Hampshire. In this project I will explain why Swanwick station was the busiest in England in the 1930's. I will also explain why the strawberry industry developed and declined, and how these events changed life around the area. This area I will be researching is Swanwick, Locks Heath, Warsash and Ticthfield. I will do this by visiting each of these sites and taking photographs. I will also be looking for places that have some significance to the industry such as Swanwick station, or old pubs etc. I am hoping to find out more about the strawberry industry in the 1930's, and I will hope to find out why the industry built up so fast, but declined just as fast. The Site Today Today, the site has clues as to how important the industry was. For example, MOJ Engineering is a building which used to be a basket factory, at the top of Duncan Road in Swanwick. At the bottom of Duncan Road is Swanwick Station, a two platform train station operating into Southampton, Portsmouth and London. The Q8 petrol station and the pub/restaurant The Talisman is in Park Gate, off the A27. Opposite Brookfield School in Sarisbury is a road called Strawberry Hill. This is a dead end road, but has brand new traffic lights for the main road at the bottom of the hill. The Joseph Paxton pub and the off-licence â€Å"Threshers† in Park Gate are both relevant to this study. Photos from the Site Today This is a photo of MOJ Engineering. The faded writing on the wall reads â€Å"Swanwick and District Basket Factory.† This is the outside of Swanwick Station today. The Talisman at Park Gate The Village Inn; used to be the inn for railway commuters. The Site As It Was and How The Industry Developed The site was completely different to what it is today, as it has endured many changes. In 1872, the strawberry industry picked up, and soon there were many growers across Swanwick, Warsash and Park Gate. They were mainly situated in the well known strawberry fields. As the industry developed, Swanwick train station was built. It was completed in 1888 and had the job of transporting the strawberries to London and various other places. Wicker baskets to hold the strawberries were transported in from Winchester Jail made by prisoners. However in 1913 the Swanwick and District Basket Factory was established adjacent to the station. It produced light and attractive plastic punnets. A successful season was critical for the industry and at encouraging moments during the growing period, prayers were offered for fair weather and a healthy crop as this was the growers' only source for income. During the season – usually mid June to mid July -the picking started as early as 4am for the 10am trains to places such as Aberdeen, Glasgow and Dublin. Because picking was hard, thirsty work, the local off-licence would supply a firkin of beer (about 9 gallons) everyday to each field throughout the season. The workers would receive a glass after 1000 baskets of strawberries had been picked. The fruit from the area was known in the trade as â€Å"Southamptons† and was soon recognised as been of a superior quality to that of competitors in Cornwall. The first variety of berry grown in the area was known as the â€Å"Maud† and was about the size of a thimble. Later came the â€Å"Joey† or â€Å"Paxtons†, short for Sir Joseph Paxton who was the producer of this strain, being much larger then the â€Å"Maud† and was considered by many experts to be the most delicious berry ever grown. Later servicemen from the Great War returned to look for jobs, and found strawberry growing to be the most suitable, as it would earn them sufficient amounts to support a family for the whole of the year. During the season, Swanwick was over-flowing with the horses and carts which transported the strawberries from the fields to the station. Strawberry Hill was a road in which they travelled by, as you can tell by the name. â€Å"It was recorded by some means that in the 1928 season 1,287,925 baskets left Swanwick station for London to take advantage of the lucrative markets there.† Much of the crop was grown for London markets, whose salesmen spoke highly of the local fruit. â€Å"Up to sixty pair-horse wagons were needed to convey the fruit from Waterloo to the markets.) The land around the area was perfect for growing strawberries, but only strawberries as it didn't have the right nutrients for other crops, which is a reason why the industry developed, as they had no competition. The availability of pickers was immense, as gypsies would invade the area as pickers for the picking rate of a penny farthing per 4 pound chip basket or 6 pence per hour. Whole families would work up to 18 hours per day. This was good for the industry as it meant more work could be done faster meaning more income. Photos from The Site As It Was Why did the Industry Decline? The sudden boom of strawberry growing was a success but it was in 1913 that a new variety of berry was to prove disastrous to the growers. The â€Å"Madame La Fevebre† was favoured and was for several years known as a good cropper. However it was this variety that brought the deadly disease â€Å"root – rot† to the area. As a consequence, crops were badly hit and this coupled with the depression led to many growers going bankrupt. started to deteriorate in the 1930's. One of the main reasons was that the earth was basically exhausted. Growers had used the land to the extent that it would no longer yield the crops. The Depression, late frosts in 1938 and finally the outbreak of war hastened the decline of the industry in the 30's. The survivors from the war realised that there were better jobs on offer, and didn't return to growing strawberries. There was a lot of competition from foreigners as well, as their crops ripened earlier and were sold cheaper. This was a problem for local growers as with this competition, they weren't getting the money they needed to support their families. Around this time (30's/early 40's) air transport was developing, so England was experiencing foreign strawberries. The growth of supermarkets instead of small fruit markets meant they needed â€Å"perfect† strawberries, and with all the problems in the area, the standards declined. Along with the developing supermarkets, the land originally used for crops was being increased to build houses on. By the 1940's the trend was general produce such as potatoes and tomatoes (for the rationing during the war.) However this growth of produce continued after the war and competed against strawberry growers. 1949 was particularly bad for them as Nurseries were developing all round the district with vast areas under glass. â€Å"Locks Heath Nurseries† boasted the largest greenhouse in Hampshire given over to the cultivation of tomatoes. To Conclude†¦ Looking back to the 40 boom years or so from the 1870's Locks Heath has been established all because of their strawberries. Nowadays they are associated with the recent phenomenon of â€Å"pick your own.† There are few memories left from this time, such as the station, and the basket factory etc, but the seasonal frenzied activity which included every citizen of Locks Heath, young and old, every year are now long since over.

Themes in Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption Essay

Themes in Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption - Essay Example One major theme that unfolds in this book is about the pain and burden of imprisonment and isolation. In this novel, Stephen King has mainly centered the plot on prison life, and inmates at Shawshank Prison. The prisoners in this prison are locked up. This therefore, could be either literally or metaphorically. Stephen King shows the aspect of isolation through the way he has portrayed the prison setting. The prison is enclosed with walls, showing that the inmates were confined inside the prison, thus, were isolated, and denied freedom like that in the life outside the prison walls. The recreation yard in the prison is also enclosed, as well as the cells, where each prisoner lived (King Web). The prison environment in this novel, thus, represents a different world, where the inmates have been forced into after being removed from the free world. They therefore, are confined in the prison, with no opportunity of going back to the outside world, unless their term is over. The lack of fr eedom and alienation from the mainstream society is disheartening to most prisoners, and this has detrimental psychological effects on the prisoners. The pain of imprisonment in this book is evident in the lives of the prisoners. These are faced with multiple challenges in the prison, and therefore, these leave them with endless pain, both physically and psychologically. The prisoners by virtue of being in prison, have to encounter violent and mean people and gangs among themselves, who torture them, both physically and psychologically. The â€Å"sisters,† which is a gang in the prison tortures other inmates by abusing them sexually. On the other hand, both the experience of isolation and imprisonment make most of the prisoners believe that they are incompetent in the outside world. Experiences in the prison have derailed the inmates psychologically, and taken away their confidence and self-esteem. Although some prisoners such as Elwood Blatch want to appear like strong and hardened, deep within, these fear if they will ever fit in life outside prison, and if they will adapt to that life after serving their jail term. Red is also shown as being afraid of coping with freedom in the outside world (King Web). Additionally, Stephen King in this novel developed the theme of hope and its power. Through the different events in this book, one realizes that the author attempts to show the audience that hope is powerful. The inmates at Shawshank have every reason to give up hope, but these have not lost hope. Therefore, it is the hope that they uphold, which is responsible for their continued living and survival. Even though the inmates are faced with the burdens that come with imprisonment and isolation, these have not given up life, nor attempted to take away their life. For instance, Andy comes out as a determined person, who fights to maintain his sense of self-worth and therefore, this virtue is sufficient for him to keep at bay any extreme sense of anger and frustration, which would result from the isolation and confinement he faces in the prison. He serves as the model of an ideal man to other prisoners , and also a epitome of hope, as characterized by his spirit, which never loses hope. Hope is also portrayed when Andy progressively tunnels the concrete wall of his cell, and finally crawls out of his cell into freedom. While outside prison, Andy writes a letter to Red, and reminds him that, â€Å"

Globalisation and Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalisation and Employment - Essay Example With the advent of globalisation this phenomenon has expanded and has impacted the contemporary cultural and social lives of the individuals who are involved (International Monetary Fund, 2002, p. 1). The international migration has both beneficial and detrimental effect on the people as well as the countries. The movement across the inter-country border has forced the government of the respective countries to formulate international policies. The United Kingdom has also experienced the phenomenon of migration since a long time. However, the pattern of this migration has widely varied in different phases of time. In the present day the diversity in the migration patterns and the mobility of the immigrants is greater. The number of immigrants has also has also been increasing. The people have been coming from the various other continents and their duration of stay in the UK is for much shorter periods. The main reason for the migration in the present day is for business needs of the d ifferent multinational corporations. In order to execute the projects in the UK people are coming to different business locations of UK. There have been radical changes in the immigration policies of UK. The common population of the United States is against this continuous influx of the immigrants and this public opinion has forced the government to manage this illegal and uncontrolled migration of foreign population to the UK. At the same time the country has benefitted from the migration of some individuals who have contributed to the GDP of the countries and have acted as economic agents. This essay makes an attempt to look into the various immigration patterns witnessed by the UK and try to make an analysis of the challenges and opportunities that would arise for the countries, their citizens and the immigrants. Discussion of the issue The challenges that the face the UK policy makers include the issue of immigration. The native people are of the opinion that there is an extreme ly overspill of the number of migrants in the United Kingdom. Almost 80% of the original population of the United Kingdom prefer that the number of migrants in the countries get reduced. Thus the trends of the increasing number of immigrants in the country are not welcome by the native people of these places. The people of UK are concerned about the various issues relating to the cultural background and the competition existing in the UK. This is mainly because of the Public perception of the immigration policy as a flawed one. Patterns of UK migration The migration pattern in the United Kingdom has changed drastically over the last one decade. The advent of extensive migration took place in the country in the post Second World War period mostly from South East Asia and the Caribbean Islands. Along with that the influx of people took place from the African countries. As in 2008, the number of immigrants of UK was about 6.6 million which constituted more than 10% of the total populat ion of the UK. The people who were not born in the UK were considered as the immigrants. Along with that UK population also consisted of 4.2 million of people from the foreign nations. There in a decade’s time the population of UK had been increasing by 2.2 million with people who were of non-British origin

Mozart influence on Freemasonry and in the Impact on Social Change Research Paper

Mozart influence on Freemasonry and in the Impact on Social Change - Research Paper Example In this aristocracy, he longed to serve an aristocratic society that heavily underappreciated and even failed, most of the time, to appreciate him for who he was. The only place that he appears to have made significant change in the course of his life was Prague, where the society seems to worship him to date, as he seemed to inspire a sense of understanding amongst the people of Prague, who had an intense liking for him and his works. In relation to his life in Prague and the status, he managed to achieve in life, as well as in death, has seen him change the society in that the society there appreciated him by gaining an understanding of him and his struggles throughout his career in Austria, as well as appreciating aristocracy. With this in mind, his background plays a crucial role in comprehending how his influence on society came into being, especially to the people of Prague who respected him and were transformed by him, by virtue of understanding him, his past, and his struggle s. On his background, he was born as a child prodigy who was expected to carry forth the legend of his father, who repeatedly worked towards the success of his children. With this in mind, the people that understood him looked at him as a person under pressure to endure that he did not disappoint his father, in that he was even a born musical genius s and composer (â€Å"Let’s go Mozart† 4). This made his story heavily romanticized over time and to date has continued to shape society on its right by having people believe in his tragic. This is especially so I the concept of believing in oneself, where there are numerous analogies and legends, as well as myths that refer to the life of Mozart and aim at inspiring the society that one can make it in life (Gay, 1). In addition, scholars have even referred to the life of Mozart in relation to appreciation of music, by ensuring that certain societies that were

Mba marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mba marketing management - Essay Example Attractive packaging and promotions are some of the main marketing strategies being adopted by Coca Cola. framework of the organisation plays an important role in its success. Structural hierarchy involves top management executives to the lower level workers. Proper levels of communication between these groups influence the overall performance of the organisation. The core area of marketing is an exchange which is intended to satisfy human needs or wants. Effective marketing function is mainly focused on proper interaction among the whole team. Management’s main activities are to analyse, plan and implement programs to attain the desired level of targeted market. Currently, Coca Cola sells their products through supermarkets and other big retail outlets. Overseas distribution, through franchisees of Coca Cola Company, ensure that their products reach all parts of the world and that customer satisfaction is maintained through product quality. Coca Cola is the world’s largest manufacturer and distributor of non alcoholic beverages. â€Å"Coca-Cola has been named the worlds top brand for a fourth consecutive year in a survey by consultancy Interbrand.† (Coca-Cola Still Worlds Top Brand. (2005)). At present they are operating marketing function in over 200 countries. Moreover they are focusing on a wide range of products. Now they are dominating the non -alcoholic beverage market. Although their nearest rival is Pepsi who is a tough contender, yet Coca Cola has been able to achieve a good market share during the last three years. Coca Cola has a good brand image and this is one of the key competency areas of their marketing strategy. The main objectives of marketing is to create new customers and retain existing customers. In this context, Coca Cola tries to attain their ultimate marketing objective and also innovate certain recent marketing strategies to improve

College Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

College Life - Essay Example Associating with clubs and social activities during college life can be enriching but demanding in terms of time and attention. College student life is an enriching experience as it involves not just exclusive devotion to education but also lifelong learning experience and structures (Huang & Carleton, 2003). Club and social activities are activities that students participate in during their leisure time. Leisure plays a significant role in the modern world although in the past very little attention was given to leisure and leisure activities. College life is the most important part in any person’s life. Leisure activities undertaken during college life, influences students in many areas of life including job and life satisfaction. Studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between leisure participation, leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction. Activities such as participation in social clubs on campus help mould an individual towards handling larger respon sibilities. This stems from the changed mission of colleges and universities as they strive towards holistic development of an individual. Participation in activities during college life falls under extra-curricular activities which plays an integral role in collegiate experience (Tenhouse, 2011). These activities complete the college’s academic curriculum and thereby augment the student’s educational experience. Students get an opportunity to interact with other students apart from class interactions. Students are at their natural when they interact at the social level. Student peers are an important source of influence on the overall development of an individual. It also influences the affective and cognitive development of the student. Participation in clubs and social activities leads to well-rounded development of the individual, which is the principal focus of such activities. Involvement in such activities impact the emotional, intellectual, social and inter-per sonal development of students. Participation stimulates their thinking and analytical skills, enhances their organizational ability. It also helps students to learn to manage conflicts, negotiate and communicate effectively. It fosters team spirit and enhances leadership qualities. They adapt other skills such as time management and academic competence as they also mature socially. It enhances their self-esteem and self-confidence as they gain autonomy and learn to appreciate others’ similarities and differences. As pointed out by Huang and Carleton (2003), participation in social activities and membership in college groups can be enriching. It helps students develop skills specific to their career path which leads to job success. Job success implies job satisfaction and ultimately satisfaction in life. Social activities enable the students to link the academic knowledge with practical experience which helps them understand their own talents and abilities. Experiences of this kind prepare a student for the first job as these reflect in the curriculum vitae and students often receive placements while still on campus. Tenhouse finds that participation in clubs and activities has a positive impact on attaining a bachelor’s degree and on educational aspirations. Such students also develop higher ambitions and aspirations than students who do not involve themselves in extra-curricular activities. Campuses have become diverse and hence students desire

Prospects and Pitfalls For Foreign Players In Chinas Financial Market Dissertation

Prospects and Pitfalls For Foreign Players In Chinas Financial Market - Dissertation Example The resilience and flexibility demonstrated by the Chinese economy during the Asian financial crisis served as added come-ons to foreign investment, such that by 2005 the foreign funds flowing into China reached $72.4 billion (Kurtenbach, E., 2006). Another built-in attraction is China’s 1.3 billion people, the world’s largest population group in one place, that make for a consumer market unmatched anywhere in size and importance. Since the flags on all economic indicators in China are up, such as on investment, foreign exchange reserves, GNP and GDP, exports, employment and per capita income, these all come down to a strong purchasing power. This rises to dizzying heights as the central bank buys off dollars generated from trade surpluses and from the inflows of foreign direct investment and speculative capital. The country’s export trade continues to grow by 20 percent yearly, while GDP, which currently averages $1 trillion, is programmed to reach $4 trillion i n 2020. All these set the stage for the â€Å"big Chinese growth party† (Schlotthauer, N., 1999) that had actually been jumping early on, involving foreign companies in retail, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, computers, electronics, office equipment. World players in the financial sector took longer at the gates because of the more delicate nature of the business. Now, as China turns its juggernaut of reform to the development of its financial market, many foreign financial institutions of consequence are casting an interested eye on China.

Art history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Art history - Essay Example Aerial perspective is the technique of creating a work of art that shows how atmospheric conditions influence perception of distance objects. Objects closer to the horizon have lighter tones, and less detailed than objects far from the horizon. A good example is looking at the sky whereby the part directly above a person looks bluer, but looking towards the horizon the color fades and appears lighter. Evidence of application of aerial perspective can be seen in architectural drawings such as a city plan. Artists realized that moisture and dust in the atmosphere caused the light passing through it to scatter. The most scattered is the short wavelength, which is blue, and the least scattered is the long wavelength, which is red. This results in far looking objects to appear bluer, paler, and hazier. Landscape painters utilized this principle to present the atmosphere between the viewer and distant objects such as mountains. The atmosphere makes distant objects appear with less distinct edges and outlines than objects nearer to the viewer. Among the first painters to utilize this technique was Leonard Da Vinci who invented the term aerial perspective. In the painting of by Masaccio, Tribute Money, there is evidence of change in color and value of the composition as the viewer’s eyes move from the foreground backwards. As the viewer looks backward, the hills in the painting become lighter and lighter, and also bluer. Moreover, the objects in the background appear cooler than the foreground objects.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Law - Essay Example The main feature of the English legal system is that it is living and constantly evolving to work in the future as well as it did in the past1. Thus the single most unique feature of the English legal system is its inheritance from common law2. Most of the characteristics commonly linked to English law and its management of righteousness are traceable to the early on growth in Western Europe of the civil and common law customs. According to Goodman (1995), "several characteristic consequences flow from the fact that law did not emanate from one centralised authority such as papacy, king or parliament. The odd growth of the common law in England developed it appears from a coincidence resemblance of the implementation after the Norman take-over by consecutive monarchs of native customs as the foundation for the governance of justice. Conflict assessment, chiefly concerning land title, was a key function for justice. Judges were nominated by the king to tour the country and decide controversies, aided by a local adjudicator included by the Normans into operational royal courts. The trial accepted a key role in the settlement of disputes. Wilson (1995) states that â€Å"Everyone takes for granted the fact that law and legal systems differ in different countries. But it is also true of legal scholarship. One reason for this is the different responsibilities legal scholars have in different countries for the maintenance and development of the local law...One result is that legal scholars in different countries may have different agendas and this may affect the subject matter, scope and even the form and style of the local legal scholarship.† According to Blackstone and Morrison (2001) common law was "... to be found in the records of our several courts of justice in books of reports and judicial decisions, and in treatises of learned sages of the profession,

Final Paper African Americans Essay Example for Free

Final Paper African Americans Essay Through out history there has been a struggle for African Americans to be accepted in our society. An African American endures many more disadvantages than most white people. The media and other sources have made blacks to look the same and has portrayed them in a certain light that may not be fitting to all blacks. There are many misconceptions that people have of blacks. Many people and organizations have had a part in bringing equality and fighting for equal rights for black people. African Americans have been at a huge disadvantage in America from the beginning. Unlike many other minority groups in America, African Americans in many cases were brought here by force and not by there own will. (000000) The first African Americans came to America in the seventeenth century and were immediately forced to work for Whites. After much turmoil and even a civil war Blacks were finally given there freedom with the Emancipation proclamation signed and ratified in 1863. Even after the proclamation some blacks were still enslaved and freed blacks had little to no opportunity. The struggle continued into the next century as blacks finally received the right to vote with the ratification in of the 15th amendment. The 20th century contained a world filled by a segregated America between whites and blacks through jim crow laws that existed that restricted blacks from interacting with whites. With a history like that it is no wonder that African Americans still have disadvantages in our modern day. America today is known as the country of opportunity. Although there are many opportunities out there it seems that there are more opportunities for some groups more than others. Many companies and corporations still use race as a indicator for hiring employees. In one study done by the National Bureau of Economic Research, people with common black names were less likely to be called back for an interview based on there application alone then black people with common white sounding names. Job applicants with white sounding names needed to send out ten applications to get one call back while applications with common black names needed to send out about fifteen to get one reply. (Francis, www. nber. org/digest.com). The research was done withe resumes of the same qualifications. It is easy to see that Black people are constantly bombarded by inequality in the work force. If there were inequalities just based on names of applicants just imagine the inequality when employers actually see the race of the applicants. Black Americans have been stereotyped for years and continue to be today. The media is one great source of portraying African Americans in certain roles. African Americans are portrayed as criminals, drug dealers and sex offenders in many instances. Many Africans are outraged at how they are portrayed in the media. Protest groups such as the Young African Americans Against Media Stereotypes have done what they can to show there stance on stereotypical media portrayal. Majority of the time you see a young African-American male in the media he is singing, rapping, scoring a touchdown, dunking a basketball or committing a crime( http://www. yaaams. com/) Many stereotypes about black people are incredibly false. Many people still think that black people are only good at certain things like music and sports. This is a very false belief and black people have contributed heavily to all different sorts of fields. Many vital inventions that we use on an everyday bases were invented by black people. The dust mop, pencil sharpener, typewriter, and elevator were all invented by black people. (http://www. black-network. com) Our society would not be what it is if it were not for Garret Morgan, the young Black man who invented the traffic light. http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmcensus1. html.

Impact of Digitisation on Media Consumption

Impact of Digitisation on Media Consumption How has digitisation changed media consumption? Discuss with reference to at least one specific example. The last decades have brought a revolution on how and where information and entertainment are being delivered. About 13 years ago MySpace was the best source for social networking. Facebook and YouTube did not even exist then. Now Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have things ranging from news, sports, entertainment clips to original creations. However, this is not just about the development of more sources of media but it is about how media are delivered. Today everything we see, hear and read, is digitized. They are a product of those countless 1s and 0s codes. That in turn means, that as far as technology is concerned, it is all the same; print, audio and video have no difference. Every conceivable kind of information comes to us on the same device. If you own a smart phone then you automatically have a phone, a tv screen, a newspaper, a camera, a file holder, a radio and many more. This has shifted the power away from the providers to the users of information. Media gets shaped by t he consumers. Media convergence has encouraged an increase of participatory culture where the consumer is also the producer of media. As a result, participation in media has leaked into politics. The rise of the network society has also led to transformations of social dynamics and interpersonal relationships as well as how individuals relate to institutions. Donald Trumps tweeting demonstrate the notion of relationship shift in three different ways. In order to understand how Trump uses tweets in social media and with what outcome, one needs to be aware of how an individual can change the course of virtual products. Everyone is potentially a producer of media as well as a consumer of media. We live in a world where sharing with each other what we create is mutually rewarding and has an enormous emotional satisfaction. Going back 200 years in history, people struggled with the limits of technology to figure out a way to share their ideas with each other and to communicate effectively across great geographic distances. Middle of the 19th century, teenagers were producing publications using tin-toy printing press, where they had to sit and type letter by letter in order to print something (Leurs, 2017).They would print them and these things would then circulate on a national scale. That is the same impulse that leads kids today to put content on their Facebook page or to make their own song videos for YouTube. This desire to create and share what you create with others is really powerful. Is not an agency or a network that is pushing content to be viewed, but it is the consumer that engages other consumers with that content (Jenkins, Ford and Green, 2013: 2). For instance, on Facebook there is a share button where you can share content with your friends. If your friends like it then they can share it again and so on and this is one of the ways a content can go viral. Consequently, spreadability is all about the choices the consumers make which affects the flow of media through the culture (Jenkins, Ford and Green, 2013: 3-5). Spreadability allows information to flow in an interconnected society. Content does not just move around on its own accord; participatory culture allows media content to spread through multiple active choices (Jenkins, 2006: 3). Individuals have a greater control over the means of cultural production and circulation than ever before. This is because, it is not the creator of a virtual pr oduct that is spreading it to the mass, but it is the masses who are spreading it among one another and their networks. Trumps relationship with the media is complex in three ways. Firsly, Trumps tweets depict how participatory culture is important for the vitality of an individual or a virtual product. According to Castell, network society forms the new architecture of society. Networks have an open structure and are able to expand and contract as necessary.   The communication that occurs across these networks is multidimensional and multidirectional. For instance, during Trumps presidential campaign, in 2016, there was an apparent rise in Trumps tweets. His tweets were then taken out of context and converted to memes. These memes were then uploaded in multiple online pages such as 9Gag and Reddit. Through participatory culture people from all over the world could be part of Trumps presidential campaign. Additionally, people were not only sharing Trumps tweets but someone created a page (www.faketrumpetweet.com) where anyone can create a fake trump tweet and then share it as an actual tweet. There fore, the rise of participatory culture in a network society has led to transformations of social dynamics. Trumps constant controversial Tweets, during his campaign, made him look more like a mass media celebrity rather than a traditional politician. This demonstrates that people were connecting around and through Trump. This was about what the people did. Trump was simply a name attached to participatory culture as large numbers of young people moved for the first time in the political process. Wider culture is now translating politics to popular culture. Trumps constant tweeting proves that politics is moving away from policy discourse and into a more engaged audience. Secodly, Trumps tweets portray the blur lines between real and fake context in the network society. Cultural networks have evolved from the virtual network society and emerged from the industrial age to the information age (Castell). In this transition capitalism is no longer centred on the production of material goods, but on the information and knowledge. Trump has often been criticized for tweeting misleading information. However, not everyone can identify fake news. Pierre Levy, a French philosopher, cultural theorist and media scholar, developed the idea of collective intelligence. Levy argues that in a networked society nobody knows everything (LeÃÅ' vy, 1997: 13).Everybody knows something but there is an enormous array of all kinds of expertise and knowledge out there. Hence, we relay, to some extent, on media to make sense of the world around us. If someone relies on Trumps tweets to receive basic information then this person will not only receive deceptive information bu t a great amount of biasness too. With digitizations advancements, each individual, sitting behind a computer or a tablet, has in their hands more power than any previous generation could imagine. Each individual should make extra effort on social media to try and verify stories before passing them on, especially if they confirm a pre-existing bias. Thirdly, through Trumps tweets the representation of a paradoxical connection with globalization is evident and this allows information to be instantaneously consumed. His lack of globalized thinking is evident in many of his tweets such as America must put its own citizens first, because only then can we truly Make America Great Again! #JointAddress #AmericanSpirit (tweet was posted on Feb. 28, 2017, 9:14 p.m.) is just an example out of the tens. What Trump is trying to do is abandon globalization using globalized means. The nature of the network society, and thus globalization, make it possible for Trump to be accessed by different people in different places at the same time. As a result, social media becomes a meeting point and a place of global scale exchange of opinions and statements.   The difference in a network society is that the process of managing information within social networks is achieved using electronic based technologies. Still, what is interesting with Trumps t weets is that when he tweets it not only spreads throughout social media, but it also gets attention from traditional media (newspapers etc). Thus, he appeals to everyone by starting national as a well as global discussions 140 characters at a time. As a result, societies do not have to be attached to a specific geographic space such as a nation or state, but simply to the space of communication and information flows. Hence, in a way, it should not feel weird that a president tweets this much, because he is communicating in a way that any other person is. Consequently, Donald Trumps tweeting allows power relationships to shift and it makes participatory culture even more evident in the network society. This brings out an outcome where consumers are more intimately involved on how the media landscape looks like. Every minute new layers of content are created. People add their own variance by alternating information, creating new content, or adding on to the spreadability of virtual products. However, it is easy for someone to consume deliberate misinformation via social media. Nonetheless, the process of creating new product, whether they entail real or fake information, keeps on accelerating and expanding, thus, media will continue to create a type value and meaning as it travels across cultures through network societies.   This is because humans correspondingly shape and reshape communications and networks. Finally, Castells theory of the increasing connectedness of human society and our reliance on information and communication te chnologies is an important contribution to our understanding of globalization in the media and Donald Trump is e ultimate participator and reciprocator of his through his tweeting. Citations Jenkins, H. (2004). The Cultural Logic of Media Convergence. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 7(1), pp.33-43. Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. 1st ed. New York: New York University Press. Jenkins, H., Ford, S. and Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture. 1st ed. New York: New York University Press. Leurs, L. (2017). 1800-1849: The history of printing during the 19th century. [online] Prepressure. Available at: https://www.prepressure.com/printing/history/1800-1849 [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. LeÃÅ' vy, P. (1997). Collective intelligence: Mankinds Emerging World in Cyberspace. 1st ed. Cambridge, Mass: Perseus Books.

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1.1 Terminology Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a central nervous system demyelinating event isolated in time that is may or may not lead to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a term that describes a first clinical episode with features suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). It usually occurs in young adults (19-30 years old) and affects optic nerves, the brainstem, or the spinal cord. Although patients usually recover from their presenting episode. (1) The term â€Å"clinically isolated syndrome† (CIS) is used to describe a first episode of neurologic episode that lasts at least 24 hours and is caused by inflammation and demyelination in one or more sites in the central nervous system (CNS). CIS may be presented as monofocal or multifocal: Monofocal episode:The person experiences a single neurologic sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis that is caused by a single lesion. Multifocal episode:The person experiences more than one sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis accompanied by weakness on one side of the body (hemiparesis) that is caused by lesions in more than one place in CNS. Individuals who experience a CIS may or may not go on to develop MS. In diagnosing CIS, the physician faces two challenges: first, to determine whether the patient is experiencing a neurologic episode caused by damage of the CNS, and second, to determine the possibility that a person experiencing this type of demyelinating episode is having high risk to develop MS. Of the people who are eventually diagnosed with MS, 85% experienced a first attack that is referred to as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). (1) If an MRI scan of the brain and spinal cord shows evidence suggestive of MS at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome or at the time of a second episode, then MS will be diagnosed. However, not all patients who experience a clinically isolated syndrome will go to develop MS (2). For many patients, there will be no MRI evidence suggestive of MS and no further symptoms or episodes. 1.2 history The first journal article including the term â€Å"clinically isolated syndrome† appeared only 20 years ago .Increasing availability of  magnetic resonance technology in the 80s improved diagnosis of  CNS  demyelinating disorders, and the arrival of disease-modifying medications for  multiple sclerosis  starting in mid-90s increased the importance of correct diagnosis and treatment. Long term follow up studies of patients presenting with an isolated clinical syndrome characteristic of multiple sclerosis led to the identification of risk factors for conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (3). Today, no uniform consensus definition for a clinically isolated syndrome exists. In 2008, a panel of multiple sclerosis experts recommended that a clinically isolated syndrome be defined as a monophasic presentation with suspected underlying inflammatory demyelinating disease and recommended 5 subtypes based on monofocal or multifocal symptoms, presence or absence of asymptomatic MRI lesions, or patients without symptoms but with a suggestive MRI (3,4). 1.3 Epidemiology A study was made to determine whether the incidence of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) the precursor form of multiple sclerosis (MS) that encompasses optic neuritis and transverse myelitis as well as other clinical presentations, varies by race/ethnicity in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort (5). The methods that was used is based on electronic record searches and complete medical records review to identify all newly diagnosed CIS and MS cases in the population-based, multiethnic membership of Southern California Kaiser Permanente (KPSC) between 2008 and 2009. The KPSC membership contributed 7,410,754 person-years of observation during the study period and the racial/ethnic distribution was 36.5% white, 8.6% black, 43.4% Hispanic, 9.3% Asian/Pacific Islanders (Asian/PI) and 1.9% other (6). The results were the identification of 254 incident cases of CIS cases who did not yet met McDonald criteria for MS and did not have other obvious causes (viral, lupus, ischemia). The most common clinical presentation was optic neuritis (48.4%) followed by transverse myelitis (32.7%), other forms of mono-regional CIS (9.8%) and poly-regional CIS (9.1%). The average age at diagnosis with CIS was 42.9 years (range 14.8-80.8) and 70.5% were women. Among CIS cases, the racial/ethnic distribution was 47.6% white, 12.6% black, 33.1% Hispanic, 4.3% Asian/PI and 2.4% other. The incidence of CIS was 3.4 per 100,000 person-years. Incidence of CIS was higher in black (5.1, 95%CI=3.5-7.1) and white, non-Hispanic individuals (4.5, 95%CI=3.7-5.3) compared with white, Hispanic (2.6, 95%CI=2.1-3.2) and Asian/PI individuals (1.6, 95% CI = 0.8 2.9; p In conclusion the incidence of CIS is 3.4 per 100,000 person-years in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort of Southern Californians. The incidence of CIS is higher in black and white individuals compared with Hispanic and Asian/PI individuals.6) 1.4 Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after clinically isolated syndrome Studies suggest that people who experienced a clinically isolated syndrome have a less than 50% risk of developing MS within five years of experiencing the initial symptoms (7). There is no single examination that can determine whether a person who experiences a clinically isolated syndrome will or will not go to develop MS. However, researchers have tried to identify factors that might influence the possibility of developing MS and help differentiate between people who have a higher and lower risk to develop MS. Though these classifications do not establish absolute risk of developing MS, they may help to guide people in making decisions about further testing or treatment (1,7). Figure 1: Progression of the disease for CIS and MS types. Source https://sbvimprover.com Factors that influence the likelihood of developing MS: 1. Type of clinically isolated syndrome Many studies have shown that different types of clinically isolated syndrome (i.e. transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, brainstem syndrome) in relation to the risk of developing MS. These studies suggest that optic neuritis is associated with a lower risk of developing MS and better long-term outcome than other types of clinically isolated syndromes (7). 2. Symptoms experienced during a clinically isolated syndrome Isolated sensory symptoms, which include tingling, numbness, or visual impairment are thought to be associated with a lower risk of developing MS compared to the presence of symptoms of motor system involvement , which are associated with a higher risk .(1) 3. MRI markers A brain MRI scan at the time of the clinical episode of CIS is thought to be the most useful predictive tool. A normal MRI scan showing no lesions is associated with a lower risk of developing MS. In the other hand, a brain scan that shows a high number or volume of lesions is associated with a higher risk of developing MS (1,7). 4. Laboratory markers A test that is used to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of MS is a lumbar puncture. A lumbar puncture involves removing and analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), specific markers in the cerebrospinal fluid have the ability to indicate MS activity. Studies have investigated whether analysis of CSF can help predict the possibility of developing MS after a clinically isolated syndrome. One of these studies was based on the data of 40 patients who presented with a clinically isolated syndrome and have been examined with MRI scanning and CSF analyzing within the following two months. Of the 15 patients who developed MS, 14 had abnormalities on MRI and 13 tested positive for markers of disease activity in their CSF. The risk of developing MS was significantly higher in patients who tested positive in CSF analysis and had abnormalities on their first MRI scan compared to patients who were negative for both or one of the tests (7,8). However, because it is less useful as a predictive tool than MRI, a lumbar puncture is not routinely recommended in cases of CIS as described in Table (1). High risk Low risk Motor system symptoms Isolated sensory symptoms High number and volume of brain lesion on MRI Normal brain MRI Table (1): Symptoms in high risk and low risk to develop MS In conclusion motor system symptoms and high number and volume of lesion on brain MRI are indicative of high risk of developing MS, in the other hand isolated sensory symptoms and normal brain MRI are most probably with low risk of developing MS (7).

integrated marketing and the many factors Essay -- essays research pap

â€Å"Integrated marketing communication simply recognises the need to plan and build up all relevant marketing communications so that they work together in harmony to the greatest effect with greatest efficiency† (Pickton and Broderick, 2001: 47) Linton and Morley â€Å"list ten potential benefits of integrated marketing communications† (Linton and Morley 1995: 124) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creative Integrity †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consistent Messages †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unbiased Marketing Recommendations †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Better Use of Media †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greater Marketing Precision †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operational Efficiency †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost Savings †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High-calibre consistent service †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Easier working relations †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greater agency accountability In brief the value of IMC is that it will help an organization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assess the market and set their objectives †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hone communication messages and target key stakeholders †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leverage resources †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Build internal databases and marketing resources †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tie together the tone and style of all corporate communications, collateral and advertising It is without question the main reason for using any combination of the core marketing activities is ...

The Physics of Basketball Essay examples -- Science Sports Athletics E

The Physics of Basketball There are many aspects to the game of basketball and physics can be applied to all of them. Although to be good at basketball it is not necessary to play it from a physics point of view. Basketball players become good by developing muscle memory for the actions that must be performed in the game of basketball from years of practice. Nevertheless knowing some of the physics in the game of basketball can help a good player be a better player. In this paper I will cover the three most important aspects of the game, shooting, dribbling and passing. The most important part of the game of basketball is shooting the basketball, after all the object of the game is to put the basketball through the basket. A shot is taken by a player pushing on the ball and launching it toward the basket and upon the ball hitting the rim or backboard physics refers to this action as a contact force. Using this concept of contact force a shot can be calculated exactly. From a player’s height, the mass of the ball and a given position on the court which would include the distance from the basket it is possible to calculate the exact angle and force the shooter must apply to make a basket every time he or she shoots the ball. Of course if it were this easy basketball would not be as fun to watch or play. The problem with hitting a shot every time with the calculated angle and force is that the ball would have to travel toward the basket with the exact angle and force calculated for that particular shot. What makes this difficult is that the musc les in our body would have to be controlled flawlessly to push the ball with the exact amount of force and to give the ball the exact angle that is needed every time a shot is taken... ...the more energy is lost and the less the ball bounces back. The less denting that occurs, the more energy is kept and the higher the ball bounces back. Physics can be used to explain a lot of things. In this paper I described some basic concepts in physics that are relevant to basketball, particularly the three main parts of basketball, shooting, dribbling and passing. So the next time you are out shooting some hoops just think of all the physics that are being applied and you could be one step away from being a physicist, and have fun. Works Cited Kirkpatric, Larry; Wheeler, Gerald, Physics A World View, fourth edition Schmidt, Michael; Oberlies, James; Moogan, Kevien, The Physics of Basketball, 2002 http://www.sjprep.org/bio/basketball7/ Willis, Bill; The Physics of Basketball, 2001, http://www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/physicsof/basketball.html/

Essay --

        Chemistry is vitally important in our understanding physiology. The molecule of my choice for this final exam is Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are originated as the outcome of photosynthesis, the condensation of carbon dioxide that requires light energy and chlorophyll pigment. Carbohydrates are a huge source of something called metabolic energy, which can be found in plants which help feed our animals.   Carbohydrates are found in sugars and starches but they have another purpose which is called cellulose which helps transport the compound ATP. Carbs are called saccharides and if they are considered sugars. The complexity of carbohydrates which are monosaccharides and complex carbs which consist of polysaccharides disaccharides and oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates represent the main source of energy for the human body. All carbs can be broken down into sugars and absorbed into our intestines and blood stream. Your body uses the glucose formed as fuel for energy. Different carbs digest and break down at different rates. When our blood sugar levels increase our pancreas pumps insulin into our blood stream. Simple carbs turn into glucose faster where complex carbs slowly turn into glucose. The foods we eat that contain carbohydrates cause our blood sugar levels to increase, transporter proteins push the glucose into our muscles, liver cells and fat where our bodies store or end up using the glucose. The cells in our bodies can’t directly use the glucose, so it has to be converted into molecules that cells then use as an energy source. One of the most important molecule for energy storing is the adenosine triphosphate known as ATP. When our cells contain oxygen it can then turn glucose into the ATP molecules using some chemical rea... ...gy from. Without carbs your body cant store fat, that is why people end up going on no carb diets. Throughout the process of glycolysis glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water, making a big quantity of ATP which is what makes energy. Glycogen is found in animals liver as an emergency energy supply. The sugars that basis the structures of DNA and RNA are ribose and deoxyribose which are other important carbohydrates. When we drink milk the carbohydrate is lactose formed from glucose and galactose. Some ways our bodies can get carbohydrates can be found in whole grains, vegetables and dry beans, sugars from fruits and natural foods are a healthy carbohydrate that our body processes fast. The bad carbohydrates we consume such as processed foods and empty calorie foods cause glucose to process slowly in our bodies.

Oedipus: a Tragic Hero

Oedipus: A Tragic Hero Aristotle’s tragic hero is one of the most recognizable types of heroes among literature. A tragic hero combines five major points all of which have to do with the hero’s stature in society, his faults, how these faults effect him, the punishment his faults gets him, and how he reacts to this punishment. Aristotle explained that the story of Oedipus the King, written by Sophocles, is a perfect example of a tragic hero. In the play, Oedipus is given a prophecy in which he is told that he will kill his father then marry his mother. As in many Greek plays, Oedipus tries to run from his prophecy and ends up fulfilling exactly what it is foretold. Through the play we see that Oedipus posses many of the characteristics of a tragic hero such as: he is of noble stature, his downfall was his own fault, and that his punishment was not wholly deserved. The first trait that Oedipus possesses that makes him a tragic hero is that he is a man of noble stature. Within the first lines of the play, Oedipus immediately supports this in saying, â€Å"Here I am myself-/you know me, the world knows my fame:/I am Oedipus† (7-8). This quote shows that Oedipus is so confident in people knowing who he is that he is willing to put this out there, though he is not being overly confident. This quote is later given reason to when we hear from other characters such as the Priest when he explains things that Oedipus has done such as, â€Å"You freed us from the Sphinx, you came to Thebes/and cut us loose from the bloody tribute we had paid/that harsh, brutal singer† (44-46). The Priest depicts when Oedipus defeated the Sphinx, which is the task that gains him the position of king of Thebes. The next characteristic that Oedipus possesses that makes him a tragic hero is that his downfall is of his own doing. The act that ultimately contributes to Oedipus’ downfall is that of when he kills his father and he explains to Jocasta that he killed everyone, â€Å"I killed them all-every mother’s son! † (898). Since he is talking about his father’s caravan it shows that he, indeed killed his father even though he was unaware that it was his father at the time. That is only the beginning of his downfall though as he earlier told the Chorus that anyone harboring the murderer would be cursed, even if it was himself, â€Å"†¦if by any chance/he proves to be an intimate of our house†¦may the curse I just called down strike me! † (284-287). This shows just how serious that Oedipus was about punishing this person and even though he doesn’t understand that it is himself, and takes awhile for him to realize, that he was responsible for what happened to him. The final discussed characteristic that Oedipus possesses is that his punishment was not wholly deserved. There are three main punishments that Oedipus has to go through because of his crime. Those punishments are his exile from Thebes, the suicide of Jocasta, and the loss of his sight. However, the punishment that pushes everything over the edge is when Oedipus strikes out his own eyes. When he appears to the Chorus he comes out and speaks of how horrid he feels for everything in saying, â€Å"The blackest things/a man can do, I have done them all! † (1541-1542). During this very scene the Chorus speaks, not to Oedipus directly, but to each other and the literally shrink away from him. It is obvious that they don’t believe he deserves this through their words, â€Å"O the terror–/the suffering, for all the world to see/the worst terror that ever met my eyes,/what madness swept over you? † (1432-1435). The Chorus continues to speak of how Oedipus cursed himself by the gods and that this is his punishment, but cannot understand what god would force such a punishment on any man. Works Cited Mifflin, Houghton. Language of Literature World Literature. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. Print.

Hunger Games Essay plan

Introduction employ your notes drop a line an establishment in which you Mention the title, theater director, family of release, where it was stria. Clarify what the genre is, let offing exactly what this means. foretell and briefly describe the main virtuoso in a single sentence. suffer a plot summary.Do not save up openings much(prenominal)(prenominal) as I am going to talk astir(predicate) ever so salvage in the third somebody in a CELEXAMPLE The director, Gary Ross, uses many sprout techniques to m some other the stem turns of(only write the themes in the introduction that you ar analysing in your endeavor). The hungriness adventures is an American science fiction movie house set in the futuristic, dystopian society of Panem. split one root burdensomeness -To treat cruelly or unjustly. The Capitol wad treat the large number from the Districts in a cruel and unjust way. Using your notes the blog , describe in detail, using the pear structure how the setti ng, sound, symbolism, mannerisms, camera angles/ gibes, and costume supporter to convey the subjugation suffered by the people in the districts . The opening scenes has good examples of the onerousness suffered by the people of the Districts characterisation 1 District 12 Scene 2 Happy aridness Games (Katniss and Gale in the woods) Scene 3 Check in (at The Reaping) shell1.Aerial shot to emphasise their vulnerability. 2. Sound of campanas tolling highlights their imp finish upent remnant 3. Signify animals being herded same(p) lambs to the slaughterParagraph 2 Theme Oppression Using the pear structure, explain how the people of The Capitol subscribe a distinct life style to the people in the Districts. Contrast the Capitol with District 12 by airing at the mise-en-scene (costume, mannerism, movement, sound, objects, colour and setting).ExampleIn The Hunger Games the director employs sound to convey (try to use different words for severally topic sentence) the theme of op pression to the audience. As the children walk towards The Reaping, at that place is an minatory, non-diegetic, sound in the background that echoes the sound of a bell tolling. The sound of a bell tolling is exemplary of death and is often heard when soul has died. The director uses an aerial shot presentation the children walking to further convey the theme of oppression. An aerial shot makes the character look small therefore it makes them appear vulnerable. The ominous sound coupled with the aerial shot of the children, makes them appear same animals being herded which echoes the tell lambs to the slaughter. The fact that the people of the Capitol do not have to attend The Reaping makes the give-and-take of the District people all the more unfair and unjustParagraph 3Theme Oppression Using the PEAR structure, further explain the theme of oppression by exploring how the Capitol people have so much more in call of possessions and engine room and how this transforms how they live their lives. Contrast the costume, mannerisms, setting, colours.The technology used in the games, computer generated animals, illusion medicine, 200mph trains etc ExampleExample What is of cheer in The Hob (District 12s illegal market place) would be laughed at in The Capitol . The buttons are of little regard as but there is little else to sell. The mise-en-scene is in stark contrast to the social areas in the Capitol. wager at the colour, mannerisms toy steel emulates the brutality of the games.Paragraph four Theme Power. develop who has the government agency in Panem. President blow is a Totalitarian ruler monocracy Is a political system where the area (Of which President Snow has total control condition over everything and everyone)holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of world and private life.Example Think more or less the propaganda exposure shown during The Reaping. How is this similar to those shown in 1984? How are th e bear on reacting compared to Effie Trinket? What is being said at this point? Do the people of the districts determine the peace that President Snow proclaims. Look at the blog as there is some useful information about HOPE. Paragraph FiveTheme Power. Using the PEAR structure, hash out How Katniss begins to affect the power balance in The Capitol ? Theres information on the blog about the theme of power and a characterisation clip which will give you a better understanding of Katnisss mathematical free reinction in upsetting the balance.Exa mple Katnisss blood with lament, and Peeta upsets the balance. The usual collaborations in the Hunger Games are about maximum power for killing the other tributes. Rues death scene and the way Katniss treats Rue with respect, and in turn District 11 that becomes the gun (somebody or someone that makes a transpose happen) for change.The berry scene at the end is very powerful.Paragraph six Theme mien versus realism (what is real? and what is only sort?) Using the PEAR structure, look at how the director uses techniques to show us how Katniss has to change to stay alive in Hunger GamesExa mple Creation of the Star-Crossed lovers to stay alive and assemble sponsors Creation of The Girl On conflagration Why did Cinna want to cause such a spectacle in the crowd? Paragraph seven Theme Appearance versus pragmatism Using the PEAR structure discuss how the Hunger Games appears as a Game show to the people of the Capitol, when in truth it is about the brutal murder of 23 children from the districts. It is not a game, it is real life. But, like Effie Trinkett, the people of the Capitol, with the exception of Cinna (Katnisss designer), have no idea what the people go through and do not care, as long as they live in comfort and with an abundance of food, clothing and other such luxuriesExa mple The Camera shows us the childs play odds for the tributes focusing on Rue and Thresh from District 11. It past cuts to the se pampered children of the Capitol, so we notice the difference between how they are treated. It cuts to a medium-close-up (MCU) of Haymitch watching them and we get his POV (point-of-view)shot of him watching them. His look is of total disdain at the unfairness of the situation. Mention that it is a reality TV show entered both(prenominal) to control and punish (to keep them suppress without any power) the districts, whilst entertaining The Capitol. They gamble because it is funConclusion Once you have established your introduction and analysis paragraphs, it is important that you write a conclusion to your critical essay. This is the final paragraph where you discuss how the director, Gary Ross, uses various film techniques to convey the themes in the film The Hunger Games (list what techniques you have used in your essay overall. For example sound, setting, camera angles/shots/movement, editing, colour etc).The conclusion repeats some of the information from the introduct ion such as the key words of the task, the directors name, the title of the film and then go on to discuss how the film as a whole, conveys the themes you have discussed in your essay. You summarise your main arguments and say how they, as a whole, answer your question.

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

Be specific with the sort of graph deeds that youd like to create.Explanation of Gantt Chart (refer appendix)The overall activity has been planned for a time long span of 9 months. The activities have been classified as what follows Excavation (A) : This is the first stage where archaeological excavation for the house columns needs to be carried out. The lead time for this physical activity is one month. This is a process which is labor first intensive and needs to be completed as per the architectural drawing.Charts early may be used by different entities in undertakings logical and many projects.Once excavation is complete the next stage is of RCC which involves making corinthian columns and beams of the house. Once the structure is 75 % complete we can simultaneously continue with the next stage of brickwork [C].The achievement of try this milestone will not hamper activity C but due caution has to be exercised that the activity gets completed by the fourth next month form the project starting date as it is the start of activity D and E. old Brickwork (C) Along with brickwork the other activities Electrical (D) and Plumbing (E) consider also need to be commenced upon the completion of stage B and 50 % of stage C as the electrical pipes and fittings need to be covered inside the walls.

Through Gantt chart that is wireless internet it is simple to construct timeline logical and implementation practice and your job chart.Plastering (F) After successful completion of electrical and plumbing work we can start keyword with the internal plastering activity. However external internal plastering can be carried out when 50 % of stage D and E are complete.This is the second third milestone. At this stage it is important to synchronize actual project execution with the planned.Since youre able to observe the under chart template, such as a landmark to every easy task will help reach them and to concentrate on the project.Gantt charts are best for new strategies and projects.

In both compact logical and big projects Gantt graphs are utilized due to this simplicity.Each job takes 10 days to finish, and every task is determined by the former job.Its other possible to also cite the concurrent tasks that moral ought to be achieved in addition to the tasks.This great undertaking ought to be presented in a word long table utilizing a picture format.

Without these charts you cannot have to take care of the project.The graph uses fashions brief proper to your requirements that are different.If you would like to create a Gantt chart of your own it is possible to proceed and examine the Gantt graph logical and may use it in order to do it.Gantt chart can help to extend a distinguished logical and rich screen which delivers a visual effect that is terrific.

Test

display panel OF CONTENTS1. pro nonplus22. SCOPE23. REFERENCES24. TERMS, interpretationS & ABBREVIATIONS35. evidence AND asc blockence36. take & selective nurture charge37. text edition file vary HISTORY38. plus worry DEFINITION49. STAKEHOLDERS410. statutory REQUIREMENTS411. unitingmation counsel musical none modeling512. plus focus on bodily organise ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES513. summation counselling splits serve healthy1014. plus centering schema popgrowth1115. summation focussing agreement COMPONENTS1116. resultant18 harken OF FIGURES conclusion 21 orbital cavity of addition direction role model (PAS55)2 traffic pattern 121 Rand pissing furnish and obligingisation dusts6 kind 122 plus counselling courses7 pouch 123 summation attention int shutdown and focal signal soci subject plaque8 mannikin 124 Organogram9 radiation diagram 151 summation direction ashes Comp unrivalednts12 1. PURPOSE The affair of thi s enrolment is to admit a modeling for the sufferance and death penalty of summation prudence for Rand piss go forth plys physiologic summation portfolio. 2. SCOPEThis fashion model applies to somatogenic summations related with labor fundament chthonic the headspring-grounded force of Rand wet. summations contain of buildings and beseemingty, pipe ancestrys, civil coordinates, mechanic onlyy skillful equipment, galvanizing equipment weewee pr distri exclusivelyivelying do surgical crop blueprintts, and mechanisation equipment. It excludes sympathetic pluss, fiscal summations, randomness summations, intangible summation summations, and transpor statement board equipment. insert 21 celestial orbit of summation circumspection mannikin (PAS55) 3. REFERENCES The pas fourth dimension text files moldiness be read in connecter with this exemplar. record championship put down no. spatial relation timbre counselling corp se Requirements ISO 90012000 RW depository library surroundingsal wariness carcass Requirements ISO140012004 RW subr dis meanine library occupational health and ca disclosechouc action mechanism and Regulations OHS set (85 of 1993) RW library occupational health and golosh sagacity serial ordinaryation OHSAS 180012007 RW sub moment library b two(prenominal) theme wariness manual of arms siemens Africa mutation 2006 ISBN No0-473-10685-X RW subroutine library summation counseling man 1 stipulation for the optimized trouble of summations BSI PAS 55-12008 RW library plus counsel begin 2 Guidelines for the practise of PAS 55-1 BSI PAS 55-22008 RW library Rand weewee establishment strategicalalal plus vigilance do Guides pass a behavior by Your summations RW surface-to-air missile 60001 beats per minute sis RW subroutine library 4. TERMS, DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS These ar floor employ in the presidency & argon crotchety t o the guild limitinology, line of descent and culture. AM plus commissionAMF plus counselling role model angstrom plus vigilance contrive KPI constitute movement Indicators O&M cognitive operations and a lime hydratentation R&DResearch and ontogeny RWRand piddle SAM strategical summation counsel 5. debt instrument AND AUTHORITY The old geezer administrator is account adapted and Portfolio Heads be credi tworthy for the executing of addition attention in RW. The public coach strategic summation counsel is accoun get across for(p) for(p) for the slaying of strategic summation counsel with regards to mathematical product to a lower spotlight social body chthonic the jurisdiction of Rand wet. 6. memorialise & selective de annoyation KEEPING write down text file recoil/ doctor f e very(prenominal) localization belief holding right point 7. written inventory pitch HISTORYThe chase table contains the recital of this memorandu m with a exposition of from from any in both(prenominal) maven hotshot edict. era former re flock make out unexamp conduct re imaging heel comment of from several(prenominal)ly one revisual sensation 23 family line 2010 N/A 0 ancestor political platform 17 Nov 2010 0 A morsel blueprint 10 dec 2010 a B third gear gulp 17 Feb 2011 b C stern delineate 9 mollycoddle 2011 c D twenty percent plan 8. summation commission DEFINITION The avocation(a) rendering for addition concern is march on uped, found on PAS 55 plus anxiety is the taxonomic and twin(a) activities and get a retentives by with(p) which Rand irrigate top hatly screws its additions, their associated doing, endangerments and expenditures oer their keep bike for the pur stick by of achieving its fundamental lawal strategic plan. 9. STAKEHOLDERSThe sp argon- eon bodily cognitive action stakeholders atomic result 18 pertinent to summation worry * guests w ho acquire wet from Rand pee * Suppliers and avail volunteerrs * giving medication * times g everyplacenment and * meeter oecumenic of southward Africa. 10. statutory REQUIREMENTS The avocation legislation and enactment atomic number 18 germane(predicate) annual pecuniary Statements argon un emptyable to be large-minded-awake in abidance with the entropy Afri fag Statements of primarily veritable bill course session (SA GAAP), the wet operate crop No 108 of 1997, Companies act upon No 61 of 1973, and the normal finance circumspection serve No 1 of 1999 as amended. The formation (and its amendments) punchs the remedy of either Citizen to decent irrigateThe body of piss fleck chequers that separatelyone has rile to pissing, piddle imagerys argon conserved, protect and succeedd, proper weewee imagery home micturate takes place, the address of managing and ontogeny the pick is realisation number to and that pee re ance stor introductions atomic number 18 established. The piddle campaign proceed nail downs the rights to b be-ass strong weewee egress, the place of guinea pig modulars and norms, peeing go readiness, inn of pissing armed croak, establishment of water boards, the monitor of water benefit cookery and the providedance of impelling water resource foc exploitation and conservation. The water ashes serve run is back up by the strategical Framework for water corpse work which garbs out an slaying good example for the proceed and gives egress to the formula of water suffices actors line.The ruler points of the PFMA atomic number 18 to secure transp atomic number 18ncy, answerableness, and salutary-in organize heed of the revenue, expenditure, pluss and liabilities of the institutions to which this mask applies. In scathe of this trifle, from an plus focal point celestial horizon Rand irrigate is * responsible for the powerful, streamlined, scotch and filmy do of the resources of the de recrudescement, vocation entity or natural institution * responsible for the attention, including the steady-going-guarding and the nourishment of the pluss, and for the solicitude of the liabilities The occupational health and untroubledguard Act (OHSA) (85 of 1993, saying Regulations) democracy that the possessor of almost(prenominal) organise (incl. nfra social arranging much(prenominal) as water flora, buildings, drainage works and roads) to concord much(prenominal) expression in a fashion that the social grammatical construction frame safe for move single- judged component give voice and much(prenominal)(prenominal) aliment records sh only be unbroken and make accessible to an quizzer for go on enjoyment. 11. plus solicitude prime(prenominal) F random memoryEWORK The ripening of an ISO arche part for summation wariness is before massive in bring fore. The ISO modul ar festering is creation led by the British examples lay down (BSI) as secretariate and on that point argon 22 countries take part and 14 countries observing. conspiracy Africa is participating with commission from the SABS. The ISO stones throw is esteem to be casted in juvenile 2011. The last-place ISO standard is prize to be considerably align with the reliable PAS55 specialisedation for summation port, which has widespread word meaning virtually the world by some(prenominal) public and hush-hush enterprises.Rand urine leave study the PAS55 peculiar(prenominal)ation as an interim manakin for the feat of addition precaution until the launch of the ISO part measure for plus perplexity. erst the ISO flavour well-worn has been launched, Rand urine sack evaluate the chunk espousal of the grapheme Standard at heart the scheme. 12. addition direction expression ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The strategic pluss of Rand body of water work unneurotic as one queen-sized formation, for which custodianship is assign to the of age(p) music director pluss. However, the Rand pee additions dirty dog before persistent be bankrupt into 4 chief(prenominal) supply transcriptions and 2 of import civilization muds, on the stand of geography and hunt down.The formations be the pursuance * Eikenhof communicate constitution * Zwartkopjies cede musical ar operatement * Palmiet cut agreement * Mapleton cater system * Vereeniging shade corpse * Zuikerbosch nuance dust These systems ar shown in the range down the stairs. shape 121 Rand water system translate and finish arrangings The perplexity intentions of the summate ecesiss ar clean contrasting from the wariness objectives of the purgation transcriptions. The circumspection objectives of the bring ashess be cerebrate on cheering mercenary node cave in take aims, managing trustworthy and prospective enjoymentr bri ng, and managing water tar including water conveyance, pumping, storing, and end callr picturey ascendance.The katharsis constitution counselling objectives cast nigh managing the tincture of raw water to concur sum and select gain take aims. wedded(p) the desire magnitude of the summations chthonian Rand weewee function and the unalike counselling objectives, it is responsible to fragmentise the as execute heed pro mess office sufferingonise to the diametric supply systems and indeed deplumate these plans up into a amalgamate summation solicitude blueprint ( adenosine monophosphate) for the blameless validation. This is shown schematically beneath. Eikenhof submit musical arrangement angstrom Zwartkopjies provision formation angstrom Palmiet leave schema adenine Mapleton grant formation antiophthalmic ingredient Vereeniging civilisation re main(prenominal)s adenine Zuikerbosch elaboration System AMP Rand pissing coales ced AMP intent 122 plus trouble final readysAlthough the recognisement objectives and the cooking argon logically designate out correspond to the economic aidantable orbits above, the blueprintd expertness is addition type peculiar(prenominal) and cuts crosswise the contrary operative(a) atomic number 18as. seven-spot beas of good expertness shit been set downstairs and a fine division of summations is provided in Annexure A. 1. Buildings and space 2. civilized mental synthesiss 3. Pipelines 4. electric Equipment 5. robotic Equipment 6. parade go down and 7. automation Equipment. In put up to solidly contend the summation portfolio, be by and by should make by utilitarian bea, with each working(a) atomic number 18a worldness castate to one addition heed planner.The expert foul expertness of managing the additions is ruff consistent by plus break up and should be headed by an summation theatre director. The addition forethought innovationner should ease up expertness in cooking and the first-string counseling personal line of credit of instruction and carry outing addition focussing devices for each think System. This includes delimit assistance aims, prognostic withdraw, desegregation, optimised de pre markination devising, and girding presbyopic pre reason mo meshworkary plans. The plus theatre director should grow a coc painted skilful minimize in flesh, replenishment, and sustentation of the summation free radical and the primordial counsel state of optimally managing the spiritcycle of the plus aggroup, bearing in legal opinion the priorities and constraints of each tote up System.This includes managing particular(prenominal)ation selective pronounceation line of battle, pass judgmenting plus chance, set standards, and the increase of aid and rehabilitation strategies. These two groups leave act in a ground substance structur e as shown below. pick up 123 addition wariness cookery and centering Structure It should be far-famed that the summation passenger vehicles helper the summation attention Planners develop the trounce summation focal point strategies to secure the specific objectives of the come forth System. For example, the dodging to recognise pumps in a add on System whitethorn be divergent from the system to dish out pumps in a refining System as the pumps pose polar guesss to the doing of the circumspection outcomes.Even betwixt two antithetic furnish Systems, corresponding pumps whitethorn accountant dissimilar strategies as they whitethorn pose variant endangerments to each peculiar(prenominal) confer System. The organogram on a lower floor the major(postnominal) Manager pluss is shown below. numeral 124 Organogram on that point is solid integration undeniable amongst all the units on a lower floor the senior(a) Manager pluss to affair hard-hitting plus concern patterns. These interfaces ordain senesce with the execution of instrument of a structure plus attention gain coer. 13. 14. plus counseling advancement PROCESS Rand water supply is at the inductive reasoning re point of the carrying into action of plus centering as a holistic design crosswise its structure.A unseasoned(a) structure has been formed on a lower floor a strategic plus autobus and the dominance has been granted for the structure to harbour plus instruction outflank class period. The strategic addition jitney at one time ask to proceed with the execution of instrument growth. The work for the word sense of summation circumspection in spite of appearance Rand pee follows the attack advocated by PAS55 with special guidance from the IIMM. The procedure starts with the maturation of an summation instruction insurance polity that is line up with the strategic objectives of the constitutio n. The insurance because guides the victimization of an plus solicitude dodging, which is a set of actions, to modify plus caution deep down the brass section.The schema necessitate to be put oned in a expression that develops inside cogency in the arranging to put to death the summation vigilance practices as a part of free-and-easy affair. A unconscious run of remedyment forethought hence inescapably to be adoptive to reckon that the summation everywheresight capabilities be further demonstrable and full-strength with time. The addition vigilance system instruction execution ordain pray unassailable variety show counsel to plague the susceptibility from sensation with to integration. The forge is shown in the table below. addition vigilance indemnity addition steer schema schema executing value charge What is it? mostly speaking outlines how and why AM pull up stakes be admitn crosswise the plaque as a in all. S pecifies actions to be beneathtaken to mend AM might to get specific objectives. execution of instrument of the set actions . free burning shade of the schema and carrying out of revise actions. target Provides the g all everyplacening bodyal unveiling and sanction to undertake AM in a coordinate and spend a penny elan. Develops a in incarnate set of actions aimed at alter AM inwardly the composition. Develops inherent capableness to impose and validate AM practices. Refines AM capabilities by path of with(predicate) persisting organise rise prudence. commentary * validational context, wideness of AM * makeupal vision and purposes and AM vision and goals * AM policies underpinning AM goals * Key action measures for policies incl. imeframes * AM responsibilities and relationships * AM integration with business mouldes * translation of accepted practices * comment of involve practices to get AM vision and goals * realisation o f the kerfuffle amongst incumbent practices and future(a)(a) vision * acknowledgement and definition of strategies to close the gaps in a integrated modal value * tiptop of cognisance crossways the disposal * development of technical accord * Embedding of AM practices with and by means of exploit * consolidation of AM practices to extend to multi-disciplinary AM benefits * optimization of AM practices through refinement and enhancement * mental home of sunrise(prenominal) and better practices that deliver step switchs quite a than incremental c ben 15. summation worry dodging DEVELOPMENT The addition steering dodging specifies the actions that hire to be undertaken to develop, amend and insert summation caution aptitude inwardly the organization in tramp to come crossways the incarnate objectives.The growth of scheme development is to quantify the organizations summation wariness system by means of an plus concern practices examin e, which comp atomic number 18s the organizations incumbent plus worry practices against the unavoidablenesss of PAS 55 and multinational better(p)(p) practice. The examine is do against the addition forethought system fortunes that represent asset caution inside the organization. The place opera hat practice gaps ar prioritized and broadcastmed in an asset concern dodge to aspire overture. Furtherto a greater extent, the audit provides a benchmark to measure organizational climb up and matureness annually. 16. asset watchfulness scheme COMPONENTS The asset charge system is a hale of spiritedness asset anxiety copy that reverberates the focussing and pull wires direct in the organization as swell as the contrasting demos of the asset lifecycle i. e. he system addresses the strategic, tactical and working(a) focussing of the organization as well as the homework, carrying into action and asset give tutorship phases of the asset lifecycle. p ipeline that the organization stage is include under the asset c be phase. The asset focussing system components illustrated below provide a spirited take structure for the system development. for each one component should be reviewed in circumstance to fall the take of maturity of unravel rate practices, the stovepipe tolerate maturity aim, and to define the actions demand to action shell practice. The components be shown in the general anatomy below and draw in greater point in time in the text that follows.FIGURE PROVIDED one at a time numeral 151 summation instruction System Components strategical counselling Components plus focal point insurance policy and dodge An addition prudence policy is a comment of an presidential statuss entree to addition forethought. It provides both(prenominal) the nexus amongst the general fundamental lawal strategic plan and an telling plus worry Plan, and as well as provides the start of the princ iple that lastly justifies every addition precaution activity the organisation undertakes. An addition instruction dodging muniments the organisations general arise to managing personal assets. It describes how the asset commission insurance is to be utilise.As much(prenominal) it call for to be close aline with that policy as well as linking to former(a) associated amplyer(prenominal) take aim strategies (e. g. working(a) strategic plans and so forthtera ) seek instruction constitution A try wariness insurance policy is a verbal description of an organisations get shot to jeopardy wariness. It addresses the caution of guess mingled with the strategic, tactical and in operation(p) level of centering and the linkages amid these levels. It is closely align to the summation focus Policy. statutory obligingness Organisations mustiness be to the full conscious(predicate) of the duties obligate under legal instruments for all of their activities and must fix its systems and procedures full espouse with the requirements.The organisation should rush a system for mentioning the laws and regulations applying to all activities immingleed with sensible assets and to crack its systems and procedures succeed with the requirements. Organisational colligation and payload organisational coalescence and lading crossways the organization is inborn for the palmy execution of instrument of asset concern. The asset precaution Policy, schema, and Plans should be aline with corporate objectives. The asset prudence system carrying out should be overseen by a steering charge with original by departments including finance, corporate, homework, caution, trading operations, and protrude focussing. asset make outment discipline and plans should be astray ready(prenominal) and apply across the organization to inform strategic and tactical plans across the organization.A strong commission to an asset forethou ght utility put to work by senior conclusiveness maker wishment, approve by the availing of adapted resources to action the surgical operation, has turn up to be a Coperni understructure de edgeining factor of asset anxiety success and subscribe to the realisation of asset focusing benefits. addition worry Structure and Responsibilities The definition of roles and responsibilities for the writ of execution of the addition worry scheme is essential to discover pellucidity of tendency and to lie with interfaces surrounded by line functions. asset concern KPIs should ratify the obligation towards the carrying into action of the strategy. node divine work aim concernThe picture and cargon of node profit Levels redeem actual influence on the summation heed Plans, which discombobulate the objective of providing the sought after level of good in the more or less economic demeanor (IIMM). The set of Customer value Levels should be under taken in a informatory basis with customers and should reflect customer expectations. carry throughion Actions and worry of deepen value actions and attention of dislodge atomic number 18 the feature dish upes, systems and procedures in place in an organisation to specifically incubate with restorative actions, halt actions and day-and-night bring forth actions. pay StrategyThe financing strategy should measure out the resume personify of asset self-control and the backing inescapably for additive strength, level of service changes, asset renewal, and concern and operations over a capacious call formulation come uponment (20 years). The shock on reinforcement sources and tax background signal should be laid to manage the supernumerary/ deficit and to maintain monetary m oppositeability over the huge bourn. enthronement conclusiveness reservation should curb organizational jeopardize and triple-bottom-line topics in the compend poser. Skills enhancement and solicitude Skills enhancement and trouble refers to the moldes utilise to manage strength office readiness and development, on with lag memory board systems. tactical forethought Components Subgroup grooming take in Forecasting postulate fortune telling is the idea of the change in regard found on race and land use change deep down a long term prep horizon (20 years). Demand images combine several pack influences including service level changes, pricing, customer types, and employment trends. several(prenominal) demand envision scenarios ar demonstrable and associated run a assays ar quantified. ill luck omen ( potentiality) subject matter ruin prognostication is the evaluation of capacity against forecast demand to shout out reverse time and the associate risks thereof. misery prevision ( origin) fix reverse foretelling is the omen of asset descent and the associated risks of asset worsening over time on wi th the dentification of grant asset strategies to manage the risks. strategical alimentation be after The strategical alimentation Plan documents the proceed suitability, adequacy, persuasiveness and ability of the Asset guard function by addressing imposing conformity audits results, instruction execution against KPIs, incident results, progress against anterior solicitude reviews, and plans for value. reliableness design pound off synopsis dependability, Availability, Maintainability ( labor) outline provides organisational risk establish opinions to shine up which assets argon providing optimised return on coronation and are cosmos administered in effect at ut intimately follow.It involves reasonableness the impression of the lead tiny factors and how each affects the opposite(a). RAM mess be utilise at some(prenominal) point in the throw up lifecycle from opinion to operation. However, it is most personify- rough-and-ready at the ahea d of time slender design stage when the compulsory in operation(p) parameters are known, equipment designs/ vendors have been selected and engineering feedback from the RAM make hind end stock-still be tellingly and expeditiously combine into the boilersuit design. Asset heartcycle digest Life cycle abbreviation involves the analytic thinking of all be associated with owning an asset. It is the sum of all hap and non-recurring cost over the full life drag of an asset or system.It includes the procure price, generalisation cost, usable cost, sustentation and kindle costs and the excuse value at the end of self-possession or its profitable life. Optimised end making Optimised finality make is the growth of listing and prioritising attends/ handlings requisite to manage risks at optimal timing, along with multi-criteria prioritisation found on lifecycle cost and triple-bottom-line establish consequence synopsis. The last making is integrated across se rvice disciplines and functional areas to join the optimal estimate/ handling program that results in the best enthronement for the organization. investment funds synopsisinvestment funds outline refers to the evaluation model and financial analysis apply to evaluate the viability of the investments and to inform investment decision making. Investment analysis includes financial modelling and the quantification of net present value, benefit-cost ratios, risk trim benefits, social benefits, etc. Asset circumspection Plan The Asset forethought Plan informs the organization of how the assets forget be managed over the long term (20 years) along with a forgetful term effectuation plan (5 years). The Asset guidance Plan highlights the changes in demand, service levels, and asset tick off along with the risks that these pose to the organization.It quantifies the long term bread and butter unavoidably and constraints and explains how the accompaniment lead be prioritis ed mingled with the competing ask. It provides a prioritised s laughingstockt(p) term (5 year) project/ preventative program for implementation. It in any case incorporates the asset charge utility plan, which guides the organization on the practices to emend over the pitiable term. Subgroup effectuation Lifecycle jut optimization Lifecycle image optimization is the execute of incorpo paygrade lifecycle analysis, charge strategy, and aliment constraints into the design phase to master that cornerstone is designed in a stylus that informs the long term lifecycle cost of asset self- give. functional grooming and direction working(a) avidity is a coordinate general affect that is utilise to educate for the project obtainable phase. It is utilise to assure that new or modify assets or systems are able to take down operation in the want and expect elbow room. It is an integrated, proactive, considered approach to projects that fructifys that large nu mber are operating(a)ly ready, systems are operationally ready, and assets are operationally ready. Commissioning is an inviolate part of the working(a) ardour forge that refers to the execution of the testing, participating chip and sufferance plans for the assets to plug the asset has been delivered to the involve timberland and executing criteria. Equipment standardizationEquipment Standardisation describes the unrelenting avail manner of trim down the cost of broth and yield, by reducing instances of machinery, materials or carry through separate that are one-off or smash compared to early(a)s in use at a site. When equipment is standardised, one cortege of spare part separate potty be utilize, and development for personnel is tailord, which in turn reduces overall nutrition cost. Subgroup Asset portion out victuals consummation anxiety (KPIs) carrying into action metrics (KPIs) are measures of an organisations activities and performance and alter alimentation performance to be monitored against specific targets. Asset StrategiesAsset Strategy festering is the process to arrest that clutch nourishment activities are performed with optimal authorisation and might to take into account an organisation to achieve its business objectives at the net asset lifecycle cost. adversity epitome and root word do temperance chastisement summary and ensconce get along moderateness is the identification of potentiality pricy visitations and moderation of all accomplishable root causes of such reverses. Apollo generator driveway analysis is an event- base hassle resolving power technique astray use as a jumper lead practice to disclose stroke modes and effect on the process. tribulation Modes and effectuate abridgment (FMEA) and nonstarter Modes, set up and criticality summary (FMECA) are reliableness found techniques and products that commode be use to sack a wide range of reliability prob lems. reliableness Centred chargeReliability Centred fear (RCM) is a process that is utilise to determine what sort of sustainment motivatings to be carried out on any carnal asset with a focus on preserving its system functions, preferably than preserving the equipment. RCM is a logical, co-ordinated modeling for find the optimal mix of relevant and effective attention activities postulate to sustain the desired level of operational reliability of systems and equipment spell ensuring their safe and scotch operation and support. impertinent benchmarking Benchmarking is a day-and-night proceeds creature that is utilise to achieve improve performance by cadence the organisation against other organisations that are determine as exhibiting leading(a) practice worldwide. SustainabilitySustainability is the evaluation of the environmental, scotch and social clash of the assets and the boundary to which the triple-bottom-line elements are incorporated in the organisations practices. personnel casualty purpose and abridgment alone organisations are working to get competitive returns from their investments in assets. The complexness in plants and equipment through process automation and engine room has good increase the number of problems that stop cause intersection problems. To draw the source of the problems which hold to major losses is a very main(prenominal) criterion to prioritise the process rise projects. sustainment/ trading operations desegregation tending/Operations consolidation is a vigilance principle with derived function actions, and is designed to combine the organisational functions of theOperations and attention groups in mark to experience more effective and efficient. integrating controls that the homo resources of both departments have a clear, parking lot and embodied purpose to improve the equipment performance, and afterward the benefits to the business. operable danger Analysis (co mpliance, eventuality plan, risk direction) The operating(a) risk oversight (ORM) process is undertaken to light upon and assess risk despicable-picture show and thusly develop suited strategies, plans and procedures to tap its height and minimise its downside exposures. Operational counseling Components Subgroup intend readying entropy assemblage (condition, usage, risk) cookery info parade refers to the assemblage of culture for think purposes, which ordinarily includes condition, usage, and risk cultivation amongst other selective training. This information typically covers the replete(p) asset group and is utilise to identify projects/interventions that sine qua non to be implemented over the be after horizon. cookery learning circumspection (condition, usage, risk, GIS) preparedness randomness Management refers to lotion of systems to manage cooking information. receivable to the dissimilar constitution of planning and aid entropy, p lanning selective information typically does not reside is a CMMS, but sort of resides at heart a GIS and planning database. Linkages amongst systems are important to let in the impartation of data for planning and analysis. Subgroup ImplementationMaterial and resolution Management (vendor reliability, material guidance) trafficker Reliability refers to the capacity and susceptibility of a vendor (or group of vendors) to consistently supply goods and serve to the lymph node in a punctual manner as per delineate specifications and standards. Materials Management is the complete set of processes and procedures that are apply to escort that resources other than personnel, tools and equipment are quickly available to support all precaution activities. Subgroup Asset caution sustenance formulation Mgmt (CMMS) nutriment teaching Management entails acquiring, organising, maintaining and retrieving nutriment information.A Computerised guardianship Management System (CMMS) is a system to assist with the effective and efficient management of precaution activities through the finish of estimator technology. It for the most part includes elements such as a turn order of magnitude system, as well as facilities for schedule crook alimony Tasks, and written text and storing Standard Jobs, Bills of Materials and Applications move Lists, and other associated features. victuals credit and Prioritisation alimentation acknowledgment is the process of defining what contract to be make to an living asset to either come across it remains in a state whereby it coffin nail perform its declared function, or female genitals be efficiently returned to such a state. upkeep Prioritisation is the process of determine a rank or rating for a delimitate amount of work, ground on an objective assessment of the brilliance of the work, in price of the advert stopure of the asset would have. Asset criticalness tail end be incorporated during t his prioritisation process. enlistment precaution ( critical reviews, work management) incumbrance sustenance is the organized care, operate and inspection of equipment for the purpose of maintaining it in serviceable condition and signal detection and eliminating failure modes. The final goal of doing preventive sustenance is to keep the equipment raceway to its call for function and operational standard. excogitate management covers all procedures that are followed to ensure that support work is carried out in an efficient and effective manner.Work execution procedures are normally enacted by aliment supervisors or coordinators and apply to work being done under the lastingness of right on aforethought(ip) and plan work orders. Planning and plan (budgeting, of a sudden and medium-term planning, programming) attention planning and scheduling includes the budgeting, planning and scheduling of equipment charge strategies to ensure that activities are performe d with optimal effectiveness and efficiency. health, preventive and environs Health prophylactic and environmental (HSE) management encompasses the systems and procedures that are take to reduce the risk of causing harm to quite a little and the environment that may be associated with the way in which precaution activities are carried out. watch base aid assure base livelihood is an equipment maintenance strategy based on meter the condition of equipment in order to assess whether it pass on fail during some future period, and wherefore winning allow action to avoid the consequences of that failure. The condition of equipment could be monitored using flesh Monitoring, statistical change construe techniques, by supervise equipment performance, or through the use of the serviceman Senses. The term Condition found sustainment, On-Condition Maintenance and predictive Maintenance can be used interchangeably. supreme Maintenance main(a) Maintenance refers to t he management routine and pip-squeak maintenance of equipment without the need or requirement for intervention from a utilize maintenance team. It is the zip repairs and adjustments that can be performed by the operators, before, after and during the use of the machinery.To enable these tasks to be completed effectively, operators need to be instruct in the types of adjustments and repairs they are expect to perform, and given a compass point of ownership of the equipment. supreme maintenance relies severely on training and study to be able to identify the diversity in the midst of normal and affected operation of the equipment they are operating. organizational keep going Components entropy computer architecture and line of credit physical process learning computer architecture is the point of information and defines where and whom will be update divers(a) data palm to ensure dead-on(prenominal) information and accountability as it flows through versatile syst ems (GIS, CMMS, etc. ) discipline flow chromosome purpose and allocating responsibility for data management increases the look of the information.Business make for mapping identifies the process of tasks and responsibilities for the implementation of key processes in the business. 17. CONCLUSION This document provides a modeling for the adoption of a coordinate approach to implement asset management best practice inside Rand Water. The document clarifies the field of asset management, identifies a flavor framework to adopt, describes the high level structure and responsibilities, defines an improvement process, and defines the asset management system components that should be developed in the improvement process to implement a whole of life asset management approach inside the organisation.The implementation process required to adopt and implant asset management practices in a organize manner is draw in this document and is the recommended way forward for Rand Water. An nexure Aaddition PORTFOLIOS The pursuance table lists a panoptic collection of Rand Waters Strategic Assets. The Assets of Rand Water can broadly be group into the following portfolios (in alphabetic order) Buildings and dimension well-behaved Structures Pipelines and Servitudes electrical Equipment automatonlike Equipment act upon Plants mechanization Equipment ingress control disseminate condition CarportsCCTVElectrics engine cortege Estates Farms fence throw out resistance piece of furniture GardensHostels Houses inner(a) decorationIntruder detectionLandOffices supine SecurityPavingPlant uildings SewageStoresWorkshops attack match TanksBarrage structureBridgesCarbonation baysConditioning baysControl WorksCanal Engine RoomsFiltersForebayFlocculators OverflowsPlant structuresRailway sidingsReservoirsRoadsSediment tanksSumps pass around valvesBreak thrust tanksConnectionsCulvertsDeviationsElectrolysisFlow controlIn-line filtersInner liningsIsolation valvesJunct ionsMeter chambersNon-return valvesOuter coatingsPipe fabricate plantPipelinesPipeline protectionPressure controlProtectionScour chambersScour valvesServitudesSurveyTunnelsValve chambersWater dick systemsWater lossesEncroachment BatteriesBattery chargersCablingControl desksControl panelsDistribution boardsEarthingElectricity supplyEmergency generatorsEnergy meteringEnergy managementHarmonic filtersHydro power LightingLightning protectionLV switchgearMimicsMinisubsMotor control centresMotorsMV switchgearPower factor correctionProtectionReticulationRing main unitsSubstationsTransformersUPSsVSDs / quiet starters ActuatorsBlowersCompressorsConveyorsCranesCrushersDesludge bridgesDust extractionGatesPipeworkPressure vesselsPumpsValvesNon return valvesSteelworkThickenersSump pumpsVehiclesEarth moving AmmoniaCarbonationChlorineFerric ChlorideGAC filtrationLime burningLime slakingMembraneMilk of lime dosingOzonePoly ElectrolyteRWW treatmentSand filtrationSodium hypochloriteUltra imperial lightChemical supplyChemical character reference ArchestraCommunicationControl CentresControl schemesFlood controlFlow meteringHuman railcar InterfacesInstrumentation PLCScadaInsql data historiansindustrial networks Industrial serversIndustrial softwareSW kind controlTelemetryIntelligent control